The oath was administered by Robert R. Livingston.
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Answer:
Reform. By the late 1860s, citizens began demanding civil service reform. ... After each election the outgoing President applied the Pendleton Act to jobs held by his political supporters. By 1900, most federal jobs were handled through civil service and the spoils system was limited only to very senior positions.
Explanation:
A, B, and C. Mesopotamia was in the middle of a desert, and the only reason it was farmable was because it lay between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers which flooded yearly to water the ground.
Your answer is A, Conflict with Native Americans ended.
Louisiana purchase entailed negative consequences for most of the Louisiana population - blacks and Indians - and became one of the causes of acute social contradictions in modern America. In just 30 years, Americans ousted Indians from most of the Mississippi Valley, physically destroying or expelling them from their ancestral lands through fraudulent treaties
