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Thanksgiving is a federal holiday in the United States, celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November.[1] It is sometimes called American Thanksgiving (outside the United States) to distinguish it from the Canadian holiday of the same name. It originated as a harvest festival, and to this day the centerpiece of Thanksgiving celebrations remains Thanksgiving dinner. The dinner traditionally consists of foods and dishes indigenous to the Americas, namely turkey, potatoes (usually mashed), stuffing, squash, corn (maize), green beans, cranberries (typically in sauce form), and pumpkin pie. Thanksgiving is regarded as being the beginning of the fall–winter holiday season, along with Christmas and the New Year, in American culture.
The event that Americans commonly call the "First Thanksgiving" was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World in October 1621.[2] This feast lasted three days, and—as recounted by attendee Edward Winslow—[3] was attended by 90 Native Americans and 53 Pilgrims.[4] The New England colonists were accustomed to regularly celebrating "thanksgivings," days of prayer thanking God for blessings such as military victory or the end of a drought.[5] Thanksgiving has been celebrated nationally on and off since 1789, with a proclamation by President George Washington after a request by Congress.[6] President Thomas Jefferson chose not to observe the holiday, and its celebration was intermittent until President Abraham Lincoln, in 1863, proclaimed a national day of "Thanksgiving and Praise to our beneficent Father who dwelleth in the Heavens", to be celebrated on the last Thursday in November.[7][8] On June 28, 1870, President Ulysses S. Grant signed into law the Holidays Act that made Thanksgiving a yearly appointed federal holiday in Washington D.C.[9][10][11] On January 6, 1885, an act by Congress made Thanksgiving, and other federal holidays, a paid holiday for all federal workers throughout the United States.[12] Under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the date was moved to one week earlier, observed between 1939 and 1941 amid significant controversy. From 1942 onwards, Thanksgiving, by an act of Congress, signed into law by FDR, received a permanent observation date, the fourth Thursday in November, no longer at the discretion of the President.[13][14]
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The historical similarity between the concept of Manifest Destiny in the 1840s and the ideas that motivated European colonists to migrate to North America in the 1600s were based on the same ideology and philosophy. Europeans believed that they were divinely mandated to discover, occupy, and exploit North America and evangelize the continent.
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Manifest Destiny was a concept coined and popularized by John O'Sullivan, through which President James Polk even fought the 13-years long Pig War to expand the United States territory westward, including to Oregon. Before this coinage was popularized among European colonists, it had been the standing policy of Europeans, who crossed to the continent, to occupy North America as a divine mandate. How the divine mandate was established remains questionable to date? Even, Native Americans were not spared; instead, many were driven away and many more were slaughtered in the process of this monumental land occupation.
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Sparta was a warrior society in ancient Greece that reached the height of its power after defeating rival city-state Athens in the Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.). Spartan culture was centered on loyalty to the state and military service
Ang Sparta ay isang samahang mandirigma sa sinaunang Greece na umabot sa taas ng kapangyarihan nito matapos talunin ang karibal na lungsod-estado ng Athens sa Digmaang Peloponnesian (431-404 B.C.). Ang kulturang Spartan ay nakasentro sa katapatan sa estado at serbisyo militar.
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(In an effort to save the troubled enterprise, the British Parliament passed the Tea Act in 1773).
★The act granted the company the right to ship its tea directly to the colonies without first landing it in England, and to commission agents who would have the sole right to sell tea in the colonies.
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Complex villages treated all villagers as equal.
Complex villages stored food in buildings.
Complex villages had artisans and special skills.
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