I think it's D because "Causation" is <span>the action of causing something.</span>
<span>President Andrew Jackson
fundamentally changed the nature of the federal bureaucracy by implementing the
spoils system. President Jackson entrenched the patronage or spoils system by
hiring and promoting supporters. He used government positions as a way to
reward supporters resulting in the bureaucracy being filled by supporters</span>
In Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution, it states that the president has the power to call a Special Session. The reason why he rarely has to call a Special Session is because of the changes made by the 20th Amendment. Prior to the ratification of the 20th Amendment, Congress convened in December and typically adjourned in March. But after the ratification, Congress convenes on January 3 and typically does not adjourn until late in the year. So, the president rarely has to call Congress into session because Congress isn't generally out of session long.
In general, tribute and neutral rights affect shipping in that some ships and cargo holds must pay fines to dock in certain harbors, which discourages trade.
