The Constitution provides for a president pro tempore to preside over the Senate in the absence of the vice president. ... The president pro tempore designates other senators to preside in his absence, generally new members of the majority party.
... in response to new directions by other persons in leadership in China that Mao thought focused too much on technical expertise and not on ideological purity.
Mao Zedong began the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (its official name) in 1966. A big part of the program was the closing of China's schools, because Mao saw the majority of educators as bourgeois types who were failing to support the communist revolution. The Cultural Revolution was an insistence on loyalty to communist party ideology.
The Red Guard was formed, which was made up of high school and college students (no longer attending school, since schools were shut down). These radicalized students became militants for Mao over against those whom he considered not revolutionary enough. The Red Guard destroyed historical artifacts and writings of the of China's former culture. They also attacked persons who were seen to be resisting Chairman Mao's permanent revolution.
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