Joseph McCarthy gained public attention by claiming to have a list of communists in the government.
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A cause was that Texas declared its independence from Mexico. It changed the U.S. by the U.S. gaining California, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona, Colorado and parts of Wyoming.
The answer is A. Poor harvests. The people had poor harvests and were starving, with the King doing nothing. As they grew more and more discontent they would riot and rebel, bringing about the French Revolution of 1848.
An Appellate Court is not (usually) the Court of original jurisdiction. So, in many cases you would start at a Federal Trial Court (District Court) and would have a normal trial. If you lost, you could appeal to the Appellate Court, who would review the record (only) from the Trial Court for clear error, bias, etc. A new trial does not occur at the Appellate Level, unless it is a court of original jurisdiction.