At first, Copernicus had a heliocentric, or sun-centered galaxy, model as a theory, but he wasn't widely accepted. Galileo used a telescope to expand on that idea and prove it to be correct.
Jefferson was trying to prevent war with England.
Although there were no physical conflicts, the overhead fear that each country would use its new developments against the other one caused each party to struggle to become more advanced than the other. In both science and weaponry, each country advanced in fear that the other country would get ahead and they would be obliterated in an atomic war.
It was the <span>Renaissance</span>
The colonies had no representation in laws being enforced on them, causing heavy resentment and eventually the American Revelution.