<span>Cytotoxic t-cell subpopulations are specialized to combat intracellular pathogens, whereas helper t-cell subpopulations are specialized to combat extracellular pathogens.
</span>Cytotoxic t-cell are CD8+ cells. Cytotoxic t-cell uses granzymes to <span>kill </span><span>intracellular bacteria, that lives in the cytosol such as viruses. They identify the pathogen forgein peptids that are bounded to MHC-I on the cell surface.
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cd4+ T helper (Th) cells include Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells. They contribute to aliergic reactions and fighting extracellular parasites.
Its the person's offspring have mutated skin.
because for a mutation to be passed down to an offspring mutation has to happen in the sex cells. so that is the least likely to happen.
since the other may happen for example.
skin cancer: i am not sure how but definitely sure that it is the second least that is gonna happen. (trust me)
reduced functioning of skin cell yes.: if there are changes in the nucleotides which can give a diff amino acid.
and no change. cuz if the mutation occurs but the nucleotides still codes for the same amino acid then there is no problem!!
<span>Adaptation is a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.
Knowing the definition of each of the terms is the easiest way to get the answer. </span>
Answer: Aerobic respiration will not take place and the animal will lose large amounts of ATP.
Explanation:
Mitochondria is the powerhouse that converts product of glycolysis that occurs in the cytoplasm into energy and release carbon dioxide as a byproduct. In the presence of oxygen (aerobic), products of glycolysis such as pyruvate enters the mitochondria, joins the kreb cycle and the electron transport chain yielding a large amount of energy or ATP.
Aerobic respiration that yield large amounts of ATP strictly occus in the mitochondrial matrix whereas anearobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm.
Over time, rain and weathering causes rocks to release phosphate ions and other materials. This inorganic phosphate is then distributed into the soil and water. plants take up inorganic phosphate from the soil. the plants may then be consumed by animals. Once in the plants or animal, the phosphate is incorporated into organic materials that break down organic matter to inorganic forms of phosphate. this process is known as mineralisation. Phosphate in soil can end up in waterways and eventually oceans. once there, It can be incorporated into sediments over time.
