Hello. This question is incomplete. The full question is:
"You determine that you have only 3 copies left of an important DNA fragment, so you decide to amplify it. Using flanking primers, how many PCR cycles would you have to run to generate over one billion (10^9) copies of the fragment?
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Answer:
Approximately 29 cycles of PCR would be required.
Explanation:
As you may already know, PCR is a technique used in molecular biology that allows part of a DNA molecule to be recycled into millions of copies.
PCR allows this replication to be done through cycles. Each PCR cycle lasts about 2 minutes and allows the DNA molecule to undergo the separation of the strands, the binding of the primers and the synthesis of new DNA strands through DNA polymerase. This cycle is usually repeated 32 times, but this number may change depending on the number of copies the researcher thinks is necessary.
In this case, if a researcher wants 10 ^ 9 copies of DNA, he must do the following calculation to find the number of PCR cycles needed:
32 ^ x = 10 ^ 9
x = 28.3 = approximately 29 cycles.
Transcription is the process in which a gene's DNA sequence is copied (transcribed) to make an RNA molecule. RNA polymerase is the main transcription enzyme. Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter sequence near the beginning of a gene (directly or through helper proteins).
Answer:
1. Cells are composed of chemicals and both the structure and function of cells are regulated by the basic principles of chemistry. true
2. Scientists have successfully sequenced the entire genome of humans but have not yet sequenced the entire genome of any other species. false
3. Living systems are the most complex chemical systems on earth. true
4. Living systems are governed by the same principles of chemistry and physics that govern non-living systems. true
5. Living organisms contain unique chemical elements which are not found in non-living systems. false
6. An input of energy is required to maintain the complexity of living systems. true
7. The energy conversions that take place in living systems are governed by the same laws of thermodynamics that govern non-living systems. true
Explanation:
Cells are the basic unit of life which differentiate a living thing from a non- living thing. Although a living system, is made of the same chemical elements from which a non-living t=might be made, yet they are different from the non-living things as living things carry out the seven basic principles of live.
All living things carry genetic material from which their genome is made. Scientists have currently been able to sequence the genome of humans as well as many other organisms.
Melanin- a large group of related molecules responsible for many functions so like pigment of the skin, hair and eyes
Carotene - pigments that are oxygen-free. Most are hydrocarbons (hydrogen and carbon ONLY) their colour varies from yellow to orange to red
Food Chain and Food Web. Food chain is a linear sequence of organisms which starts from producer organisms and ends with decomposer species. Food web is a connection of multiple food chains. Food chain follows a single path whereas food web follows multiple paths.
