The answer is the parent material. Parent material is what occurs on the surface before soil begins to form. This is found in new environments such as after a volcanic activity. Pioneers organisms of an ecosystem and abiotic elements of weathering such as water and temperatures begin to weather the rocks into smaller particles, Humus and organic matter from life accumulate with the minute rock particles to form soil over time. The topmost soil is the most developed and this is why soil has profiles towards the deep into the parent rock material, depending on the stage of weathering.
France is in the continent of Europe.
A clay that loses nearly all of its shear strength after being disturbed is called a(n) sensitive clay.
Clay is a material similar to natural earth but fine grain. The meaning of the word clay is "sticky". The slip is a clay in liquid suspension used as a binding agent, as enamel for stoneware and electrical insulators or slip sheets are used in decoration.Clays may be described as sensitive when the undisturbed strength is greater than the disturbed (remoulded) strength, where the remoulded material can behave as a fluid.
Sensitivity is defined as the ratio of the undisturbed shear strength and the disturbed shear strength.Clay soil has a thick and swooping composition. Blackland prairies have a unique characteristic of black and heavy clay soils because of the marine chalks, limestones, and shale that are found in its composition. When soils reach major rivers and tributaries its compositions changes into a more sandy soil
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I believe it is the first answer
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