The first Islamic civil war or "Fitna " happened in the 7th century, after the Caliph Uthman Ibn Affan´s assassination (d. 656). According to Islamic tradition, close relatives were the ones to take responsibility for avenging the assassinated´s death so both his favorite wife, Aisha and his brother Ali got into a dispute over who would avenge Uthman Ibn Affan.
Ultimately the war ended by the signing a treaty in 661.
The Cold War
was a competition between the United States and the Soviet Union in
every conceivable arena – even space. When the Soviets launched the
world’s first artificial satellite, Sputnik I,
in October 1957, it set off alarm bells in the Eisenhower
administration and created intense fear and anxiety among the US public
that the Soviet Union had surpassed the technological achievements of
the United States.Sputnik orbited the earth and transmitted radio signals for twenty-one days before burning up in the earth’s atmosphere.<span><span><span>1^1</span>1</span>start superscript, 1, end superscript</span> Sputnik II was launched the following month, in November, carrying a dog named Laika. In May 1958, the Soviets launched Sputnik III,
which weighed almost three thousand pounds. Continuing their run of
successful launches, the Soviets in 1959 sent a space probe, Lunik III, to photograph the dark side of the moon.
Many colonies objected to the Albany plan of union mainly because <span>colonial assemblies did not want to give up their individual power. If there was a union, that would mean that these assemblies would lose much of their power, which was something they were not willing to do.</span>
Answer:
Answer. At the point when environment connects with biosphere they centers around on the sources and sinks of green house gases (GHGs) air toxins, specific issues, water and vitality between the world's surface and the climate. The biosphere influences the atmosphere
