At the molecular level, cells from different types of organisms vary in their tolerance to temperature and pH. This variation can mostly likely be attributed to the types of enzymes present in the cells.
- The tolerance ranges for abiotic environmental factors are similar to the geographic ranges that organisms have.
- To put it another way, they can tolerate (or survive in) a specific range of a given factor, but they cannot survive if the element is present in either an excessive or insufficient amount.
- Take temperature, for example. Polar bears thrive in cold climates but would perish in the tropics from excessive heat.
- Cells are incapable of acting as "liquid machinery" at temperatures below freezing and above boiling.
- The majority of cells, however, are still unable to function across the entire range of liquid temperatures.
- Variance in enzyme activity and protein denaturation are most closely related to variation in cells' capacity to vary in their tolerance to temperature, etc. at the molecular level in various animals.
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Answer:
Fermentation is less effective because it does not have the capacity to completely break down the glucose molecule and therefore can only contribute to the production of two ATP molecules (via glycolysis), as opposed to the 36 produced during aerobic respiration
Explanation:
This is where diffusion happens down the concentration gradient i.e. from high to low concentrations (just like simple diffusion) but facilitated diffusion requires a special and specific protein within the cell membrane. The substate binds to the receptor and the receptor itself changes conformation so that the substrate is now on the other side of the membrane. This is done for molecules that are too large to pass straight through the phospholipid bilayer (cell membrane) by simple diffusion e.g. glucose.
