1answer.
Ask question
Login Signup
Ask question
All categories
  • English
  • Mathematics
  • Social Studies
  • Business
  • History
  • Health
  • Geography
  • Biology
  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Computers and Technology
  • Arts
  • World Languages
  • Spanish
  • French
  • German
  • Advanced Placement (AP)
  • SAT
  • Medicine
  • Law
  • Engineering
lara [203]
3 years ago
13

Prove that

Mathematics
1 answer:
Pani-rosa [81]3 years ago
7 0
Let's start from what we know.

(1)\qquad\sum\limits_{k=1}^n1=\underbrace{1+1+\ldots+1}_{n}=n\cdot 1=n\\\\\\
(2)\qquad\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk=1+2+3+\ldots+n=\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}\quad\text{(arithmetic  series)}\\\\\\
(3)\qquad\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk\ \textgreater \ 0\quad\implies\quad\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk\right|=\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk

Note that:

\sum\limits_{k=1}^n(-1)^k\cdot k^2=(-1)^1\cdot1^2+(-1)^2\cdot2^2+(-1)^3\cdot3^2+\dots+(-1)^n\cdot n^2=\\\\\\=-1^2+2^2-3^2+4^2-5^2+\dots\pm n^2

(sign of last term will be + when n is even and - when n is odd).
Sum is finite so we can split it into two sums, first S_n^+ with only positive trems (squares of even numbers) and second S_n^- with negative (squares of odd numbers). So:

\sum\limits_{k=1}^n(-1)^k\cdot k^2=S_n^+-S_n^-

And now the proof.

1) n is even.

In this case, both S_n^+ and S_n^- have \dfrac{n}{2} terms. For example if n=8 then:

S_8^+=\underbrace{2^2+4^2+6^2+8^2}_{\frac{8}{2}=4}\qquad\text{(even numbers)}\\\\\\
S_8^-=\underbrace{1^2+3^2+5^2+7^2}_{\frac{8}{2}=4}\qquad\text{(odd numbers)}\\\\\\

Generally, there will be:

S_n^+=\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}(2k)^2\\\\\\S_n^-=\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}(2k-1)^2\\\\\\

Now, calculate our sum:

\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^n(-1)^k\cdot k^2\right|=\left|S_n^+-S_n^-\right|=
\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}(2k)^2-\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}(2k-1)^2\right|=\\\\\\=
\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}4k^2-\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}\left(4k^2-4k+1\right)\right|=\\\\\\

=\left|4\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}k^2-4\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}k^2+4\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}k-\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}1\right|=\left|4\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}k-\sum\limits_{k=1}^\frac{n}{2}1\right|\stackrel{(1),(2)}{=}\\\\\\=
\left|4\dfrac{\frac{n}{2}(\frac{n}{2}+1)}{2}-\dfrac{n}{2}\right|=\left|2\cdot\dfrac{n}{2}\left(\dfrac{n}{2}+1\right)-\dfrac{n}{2}\right|=\left|n\left(\dfrac{n}{2}+1\right)-\dfrac{n}{2}\right|=\\\\\\


=\left|\dfrac{n^2}{2}+n-\dfrac{n}{2}\right|=\left|\dfrac{n^2}{2}+\dfrac{n}{2}\right|=\left|\dfrac{n^2+n}{2}\right|=\left|\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}\right|\stackrel{(2)}{=}\\\\\\\stackrel{(2)}{=}
\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk\right|\stackrel{(3)}{=}\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk

So in this case we prove, that:

 \left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^n(-1)^k\cdot k^2\right|=\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk

2) n is odd.

Here, S_n^- has more terms than S_n^+. For example if n=7 then:

S_7^-=\underbrace{1^2+3^2+5^2+7^2}_{\frac{n+1}{2}=\frac{7+1}{2}=4}\\\\\\
S_7^+=\underbrace{2^2+4^4+6^2}_{\frac{n+1}{2}-1=\frac{7+1}{2}-1=3}\\\\\\

So there is \dfrac{n+1}{2} terms in S_n^-, \dfrac{n+1}{2}-1 terms in S_n^+ and:

S_n^+=\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}-1}(2k)^2\\\\\\
S_n^-=\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}}(2k-1)^2

Now, we can calculate our sum:

\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^n(-1)^k\cdot k^2\right|=\left|S_n^+-S_n^-\right|=
\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}-1}(2k)^2-\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}}(2k-1)^2\right|=\\\\\\=
\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}-1}4k^2-\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}}\left(4k^2-4k+1\right)\right|=\\\\\\=
\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n-1}{2}-1}4k^2-\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}}4k^2+\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}}4k-\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}}1\right|=\\\\\\

=\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n-1}{2}-1}4k^2-\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}-1}4k^2-4\left(\dfrac{n+1}{2}\right)^2+\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}}4k-\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}}1\right|=\\\\\\=
\left|-4\left(\dfrac{n+1}{2}\right)^2+4\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}}k-\sum\limits_{k=1}^{\frac{n+1}{2}}1\right|\stackrel{(1),(2)}{=}\\\\\\
\stackrel{(1),(2)}{=}\left|-4\dfrac{n^2+2n+1}{4}+4\dfrac{\frac{n+1}{2}\left(\frac{n+1}{2}+1\right)}{2}-\dfrac{n+1}{2}\right|=\\\\\\

=\left|-n^2-2n-1+2\cdot\dfrac{n+1}{2}\left(\dfrac{n+1}{2}+1\right)-\dfrac{n+1}{2}\right|=\\\\\\=
\left|-n^2-2n-1+(n+1)\left(\dfrac{n+1}{2}+1\right)-\dfrac{n+1}{2}\right|=\\\\\\=
\left|-n^2-2n-1+\dfrac{(n+1)^2}{2}+n+1-\dfrac{n+1}{2}\right|=\\\\\\=
\left|-n^2-n+\dfrac{n^2+2n+1}{2}-\dfrac{n+1}{2}\right|=\\\\\\=
\left|-n^2-n+\dfrac{n^2}{2}+n+\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{n}{2}-\dfrac{1}{2}\right|=\left|-\dfrac{n^2}{2}-\dfrac{n}{2}\right|=\left|-\dfrac{n^2+n}{2}\right|=\\\\\\

=\left|-\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}\right|=|-1|\cdot\left|\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}\right|=\left|\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}\right|\stackrel{(2)}{=}\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk\right|\stackrel{(3)}{=}\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk

We consider all possible n so we prove that:

\forall_{n\in\mathbb{N}}\quad\left|\sum\limits_{k=1}^n(-1)^k\cdot k^2\right|=\sum\limits_{k=1}^nk
You might be interested in
BRAINLIESTTT ASAP!!! PLEASE HELP ME :)
loris [4]

Answer:

○ ³\⁷

Step-by-step explanation:

Since you are multiplying ⁷√x three times, you write it like this first, ⁷√x³, then according to one of the Six Exponential Rules, ⁿ√aᵐ = aᵐ\ⁿ, ⁷√x³ gets rewritten as x³\⁷.

If you are ever in need of assistance, do not hesitate to let me know by subscribing to my You-Tube channel [USERNAME: MATHEMATICS WIZARD], and as always, I am joyous to assist anyone at any time.

**In one of my You-Tube videos, it talks about all six exponential rules. The video is titled "Six Exponential Rules". Go check it out and get as much assistance as you can from the tutorial.

4 0
3 years ago
What is the range of this function?
aleksley [76]
You order the y-values from greatest to least, which are 2, 2, 3, and 4. You don't need to duplicate the same y-values, so the range is {2, 3, 4}
7 0
3 years ago
PLZ HELP ME
NeTakaya

Answer:

  see below

Step-by-step explanation:

The shading is below the line in both cases. The dashed line has negative slope, so the inequality associated with it is ...

  y < -2x +4 . . . . . . note that the < symbol has no "or equal to"

The solid line has positive slope, so its inequality is ...

  y ≤ 2x +4

Both these inequalities are found in choice B.

6 0
3 years ago
1/20
Vladimir [108]

Answer:

120th caller

Step-by-step explanation:

120 is the common number by 40 and 30. trust me on this I'm really good at this subject in math.

8 0
3 years ago
Using the slope formula, find the slope of the line through the given points.<br> (1,6) and (3,4)
svlad2 [7]
To find slope you do y2-y1 over x2-x1. So 4-6 is -2. And 3-1 is 2. So -2/2 is -1. The slope is -1.
7 0
3 years ago
Other questions:
  • Seven over nine<br> to the power of<br> two
    11·1 answer
  • Question 5
    6·2 answers
  • Whats the square root of 9​
    7·2 answers
  • PLEASE HELP
    9·1 answer
  • What does y= 4x+rx+6 equal? (Solve for x)
    14·1 answer
  • 2. A formula for the perimeter of a rectangle is P = 2(l + w), where P is the perimeter, l is the length, and w is the width.
    7·1 answer
  • HELP PLEASE THANK YOU
    14·2 answers
  • Help pleasssseeee......(do all pls)
    13·2 answers
  • How many orders pair solutions does the system of equations have? -4+3y=12 x+y=2
    15·1 answer
  • Can anyone please help me asap? thanks in advance.
    15·1 answer
Add answer
Login
Not registered? Fast signup
Signup
Login Signup
Ask question!