Here Jack is influenced by what Burrhus Frederic Skinner an American
psychologist calls negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement which is the
opposite of positive reinforcement and it means that the rate of behavior is increased
in order to avoid an unpleasant situation or unpleasant stimulus or negative
outcome.
Allow me to do better than offer "a speech that Theodora <em>might hav</em>e given."
The following is a record of the speech she <em>actually did give</em> to Justinian in AD 532, when the riots had broken out in Constantinople.
The speech was recorded by the historian (AD 500-565), probably on the testimony of one or more of the royal advisors who were present. Procopius recorded Theodora's words in chapter 24 of his <em>History of the Wars </em>(published AD 552). Here's what he said Theodora said to Justinian:
- <em>As to whether it is unseemly for a woman to be bold among men, or to be daring when others are full of fear, I do not think that the present crisis allows us to consider the matter. For in extreme danger the only vital thing is to deal with the situation in the best way. For my part, I consider that now of all times flight would be bad, even if it brings safety. Once a man is born he cannot escape dying, but for one who has held the imperial power it would be unbearable to become a fugitive. May I never be parted from this purple, and may I never live to see the day when men who meet me will not address me as their sovereign. If you wish to be saved, Emperor, that is not difficult. We have great resources of wealth; there is the sea, here are the boats. But take care lest when you have saved yourself you wish that you could have death instead of your safety. I agree with the old saying, “Purple is a good shroud.” </em>
In a command economy, the majority of goods and services are provided by the (a) state
According to Erik H. Erikson, the process of social development consists of:
- <em>Infancy:</em> Where the individual learns to trust and mistrust.
- <em>Toddlerhood:</em> Where the individual discerns challenge vs autonomy.
- <em>Preschool:</em> Where the individual understands the difference between initiative and guilt.
- <em>Pre-Adolescence:</em> Where the individual learns about industriousness and inferiority.
- <em>Adolescence:</em> Where the individual struggles between identity and confusion.
- <em>Young Adulthood:</em> Where the individual deals between intimacy or isolation
- <em>Middle-Adulthood:</em> Where the individual confronts the challenge of trying to make the difference.
- <em>Old Age:</em> Where the individual struggles between integrity and despair.
The mentioned book tries to portrait the development of the individual throughout his years at a school. It uses the early sub-processes of Socialization (Infancy, Toddlerhood, Preschool, Pre-Adolescence, and Adolescence) as a base for its analysis and subsequent conclusions.