they are caused by mutation. the best example of it are human blood groups.
La biogénesis es el proceso fundamental de los seres vivos que producen otros seres vivos. Ejemplo: una araña pone huevos de los que saldrán más arañas. La biogénesis es aquel principio según el cual la vida solamente se origina de una vida preexistente (que ha existido antes).
Answer:
a. In the presence of 2,4 dinitrophenol, which is soluble through the lipid membranes, the H+ gets an another route to pass through the membrane. It hampers the proton gradient potential without any generation of ATP. The gradient that was being utilized for the generation of energy is now just lost in the form of heat.
b. With the reduction in the generation of energy, the cells get devoid of ATP, and drive the electron transport chain intensely so that the collapsing proton gradient gets re-established. However, it prevents the ATP synthase by providing a different path to the proton ions and thus diminishing the H+ concentration gradient.
