<span>Migration to Texas occurred during a period of slavery controversy, with many Americans concerned about the extension of slavery. Realistically, the extension of cotton culture into Texas was no more surprising than the creation of a wheat-growing empire in Minnesota and Dakota.</span>
Tejas, in English history books usually referred to as Mexican Texas, was a province of Mexico between 1821 and 1836. Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821 in its war of independence. Initially, Mexican Texas operated very similarly to Spanish Texas. However, the 1824 Constitution of Mexico set up a federal structure, with Tejas joined with the province of Coahuila to form the state of Coahuila y Tejas.
Tejas was grossly underpopulated, with about 3500 settlers living in the whole of Tejas in 1821, mostly congregated at San Antonio and La Bahia,[1] despite efforts by the authorities to increase the settler population along the frontier. The settler population was overwhelmingly outnumbered by the indigenous tribes. To increase settler numbers, Mexico enacted the General Colonization Law in 1824, which enabled all heads of household, regardless of race, religion or immigrant status, to land in Mexico. The first empresarial grant had been made under Spanish control to Stephen F. Austin, whose settlers, known as the Old Three Hundred, settled along the Brazos River in 1822. The grant was later ratified by the Mexican government. Twenty-three other empresarios brought settlers to the state, the majority from the United States of America, while others came from Mexico and Europe.
After concerns over attitudes of US citizens in Tejas, the Law of April 6, 1830 outlawed further immigration of US citizens to Texas. Several new presidios were established in the region to monitor immigration and customs practices. Angry colonists held a convention in 1832 to demand that US citizens be allowed to immigrate. A convention the following year proposed that Texas become a separate Mexican state. Although Mexico implemented several measures to appease the colonists, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's measures to transform Mexico from a federalist to a centralist state motivated the Texan colonists to revolt.
The first violent incident occurred on June 26, 1832, at the battle of Velasco. On March 2, 1836, Texians declared their independence from Mexico. The Texas Revolution ended on April 21, 1836, when Santa Anna was taken prisoner following the Battle of San Jacinto. Although Texas then governed itself as the Republic of Texas, Mexico refused to recognize its independence.
Secularism was a social movement that separates religion from the ordinary life in the middle age. Secularism rejects religious ideas that once dominated the European medieval times, such as the focus on God in everything, human condemnation, and permanent praying or meditation.
Secularism initiated as a confrontation or reaction to religious ideas in the medieval times in Europe. People realized that the human being was very important and had values that should be respected by the monarchies. This made possible a better recognition of human achievements in culture and arts.
The influence that secularism had on the Renaissance over politics can be found in the works of Niccolo Machiavelli. The ideas he expressed in “The Prince” were of the utmost influence in the Renaissance and it still is a very influential book in today’s politics.
Thomas Hobbes and John Locke also were part of political ideas during the Renaissance. Hobbes, with his theory of Social Contract, and Locke with his ideas in the Two Treatises of Government.
The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third-century bc was a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet.
Who is Eratosthenes?
Eratosthenes was born in 276 BC and died in 194 BC. He was a well-known poet, mathematician, a researcher in geography, and theorist of music. He was the first to gauge the size of the planet.
The Earth was first measured by Eratosthenes of Cyrene. The precise measurement of Earth's circumference was greatly aided by Eratosthenes' work in the third-century bc.
As a result, the Eratosthenes in the third century bc accurate calculation of the Earth.
