One consequence of the October Revolution was the creation of the world's first communist state, led by Vladimir Lenin.
The Tanzimat Reforms was the second attempt in the nineteenth century to modernize the government, military, trade, law and society in the Ottoman Empire. The overall goal of these reforms was to have the country catch up with the development reached by European countries in the last couple of centuries. However, the <em>ulema</em>, or religious establishment of the Ottoman Empire objected top these reforms on the basis of their 'infidel' origin.
Even though the Tanzimat reforms were welcomed by the Ottoman society, further political changes were required, such as the the issuing of a constitution and the creation of a parliament to share the political power with the monarchy. The sultan felt the reforms were going too fast and too far, while different groups within the Ottoman society, such as the Young Turks, felt that more was needed and quickly.
As more and more politicians opposing the monarchy became members of the parliament, constituting an effective political opposition counterbalancing the sultan's authority, the sultan ordered its suspension in 1908 leading to the Young Turk Revolution. The next year, the parliament was restored and the basis for the abolition of the monarchy was laid down as local government administrations, which had effectively rejected reforms to a great extent, were mostly replaced by reformist administrations.
1.) East AsiaThe Silk Road due to China’s most important export allowed for the exchange of goods between Asia and the Middle East. The exchange of silks and spices and the spread of Buddhism along the Silk Roads are examples of cultural diffusion. The technology of paper-making traveled from China to Baghdad along the Silk Roads. Over time the trade route reached 4,000 miles. Most merchants never traveled the entire route, but instead traded their goods at one of the many markets established along the way.
2.) South AsiaThe Ramayana and the Mahabharata have had a large impact on the South and Southeast Asian continent. However, the Mahabharata has faded from the memory of many Southeast Asian nations and are not as widely known as the Ramayana. Also, one of the most tangible evidence of dharmic tradition commonality, probably is the widespread of Añjali Mudrā as the gesture of greeting and respect. It is demonstrated in Indian namasté, and similar gestures are known in Southeast Asia, as it cognate to the Cambodian sampeah, Indonesian sembah and Thai wai.
3.) Southeast AsiaThe Siam attempted to spread their culture, and especially religion to their neighboring countries. The Siam were successful, and influenced most of south-east Asia and spread their religion of Theravada Buddhism.
Use an overhead projector or interactive whiteboard to display the map Trading Across the Atlantic Ocean at the front of the classroom. Ask students to identify the twolandmass<span>es and the body of water on the map as you point to them. Use the language of the </span>cardinal direction<span>s as you discuss each. For example, the landmass on the right (east) is the </span>continent<span> of Europe. The landmass on the left (west) is North America. The body of water in between the two continents is the Atlantic Ocean. Ask: </span>Where on the map did the Dutch live in the 1600s?<span> (Europe) </span>Where did the Native Americans live?<span>(North America)</span>
