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koban [17]
3 years ago
13

Which stage of aerobic respiration produces FADH, and NADH and releases CO,?

Biology
1 answer:
PolarNik [594]3 years ago
4 0

Answer:

The <u>Kerb’s/ Citric Acid/tricarboxylic acid (TCA) Cycle</u> of aerobic respiration produces FADH and NADH and releases CO2

Explanation:

The Kerb’s Cycle is termed as the cell’s biochemical hub because its main function is to harvest high-energy electrons from carbon fuels.

It is constituted by a series of eight steps of chemical and enzymatic reactions including redox, condensation, hydration, dehydration, decarboxylation etc.

One complete Kerb’s Cycle produces 2 carbon dioxide, 1 GTP, 3 NADH, and 1FADH2 molecules. Each glucose molecule yields two acetyl-CoA molecules and hence each glucose molecule requires two Kerb’s cycle.

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Answer:

<u>Passive transport</u>: It does not need any energy to occur. Happens in favor of an electrochemical gradient. Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are kinds of passive transport.

<u>Simple diffusion</u>: molecules freely moves through the membrane.

<u>Facilitated diffusion</u>: molecules are carried through the membrane by channel proteins or carrier proteins.

<u>Active transport</u> needs energy, which can be taken from the ATP molecule (<u>Primary active transport</u>) or from a membrane electrical potential (<u>Secondary active transport</u>).

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  • <u>Diffusion</u>: This is a pathway for some <em>small polar hydrophilic molecules</em> that can<em> freely move through the membrane</em>. Membrane´s permeability <em>depends</em> on the <em>size of the molecule</em>, the bigger the molecule is, the less capacity to cross the membrane it has. Diffusion is a very slow process and to be efficient requires short distances and <em>pronounced concentration gradients</em>. An example of diffusion is <em>osmosis</em> where water is the transported molecule.
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  • <u>Active transport</u> occurs <em>against the electrochemical gradient</em>, so <u><em>it does need energy to happen</em></u>. Molecules go from a high concentration side to a lower concentration side. This process is always in charge of <em>carrier proteins</em>. In <u>primary active transport</u> the <em>energy</em> needed <em>comes from</em> the <em>ATP</em> molecule. An example of primary active transport is the <em>Na-K bomb</em>. In <u>secondary active transport</u>, the<em> energy comes from</em> the <em>membrane electric potential</em>.  Examples of secondary active transport are the carriage of <em>Na, K, Mg metallic ions</em>.
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But it's very important to consider that it will only affect the gene pool if the virus is able to enter and alter germ cells (reproductive cells). If the virus, enters somatic cells (regular body cells) this will not be passed on to future generations. So viruses can be designed to avoid germ cells and avoid this gene pool issue. Also, some viral vectors use viruses that do not integrate their DNA, the cells just express the viral DNA (create the desired protein from it) and over time the viral DNA is degraded/ lost which wouldn't pose this threat.

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