The correct answer to this open question is the following.
Although there are no options attached we can say the following.
We can trace the origin of banking before the time of the Crusades, back until the times of the Assyrians in 2000BC.
Loans given to traders and farmers at that time could be a primitive form of banking. Sumerians, Assyrians, Acadians, and Babylonians, were the first to use loans as a primitive form of banking. Rich landowners loaned this money and charged interests.
Later during ancient Greece and then during the Roman Empire, rich people had buildings where they offered loans, charge interests, and offered the services of keeping deposits. Ancient China and India also had primitive banking systems.
Then we jump into Medieval Times in Europe, where episodes as teh Crisades allow many rich people to loan money to support the war effort to buy supplies and weapons. Indeed, with the money loaned for war, they increase their fortunes and left some territories with a deep debt.
Then, rich families such as the Medici in Florence, Italy, and in other cities such as Venice, established a form of banking in a more formal way to the degree of opening some banking branches in other places of Europe.
