Orthodoxy is probably more flexible, because it is a theory or doctrine that is accepted as generally true, where dogma is viewed as unequivocally true. Although both are laid down by an authority institution, group or figure, one is inherently a bit more flexible than the other..
Thoreau mostly uses imagery to illustrate time in the excerpt. The second sentence is saying that he is in the midst of time/living, and he can "detect how shallow it is," meaning that he is aware that life is short and that the end is inevitable. Thoreau also describes time as being fleeting, but ever-present.
I hope this helps!
Outflow is the answer assuming that the underlined word is influx.
No. It should be "Paloma did not make it to work, for her car broke down on the freeway".
