John Quincy Adams. It would have helped a little more if i had choices.
They can only settle near oasis areas.
The astrolabe was basically a map of the stars, you could use it to navigate by connecting what stars you see and what stars are on the astrolabe. It was also important for religious groups that built their religion off the stars!
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The history of Russia has repeatedly been a nearly sad and tumultuous one elaborated with wars, power struggles, and abrupt changes. The mere shock of the violence and size of the Mongol army was devastating. The anxiety was just as political and economic in essence as it was social and spiritual.
There were many ways varying from plain sabotage where they claimed that the Portuguese merchants were thieves, up to more controversial means such as ordering their assassinations and telling the king that he should have them killed because they didn't give him presents and plan to enrich their wealth at his expense.