Question 1: The best answer of the options given is B: Homo Sapiens were different from Neanderthals in that they can learn and adapt.
Question 2: Option B. Doctors take an oath to follow a certain set of rules similar to one created by Hippocrates.
Question 3: Option A: Roads and bridges to make travel easier.
Question 4: The Byzantine Empire.
Question 5: Option A. legal system many European countries have used that organizes and explains the law
Question 6: Option C. The Byzantine Church split from the Roman Catholic Church.
Answer:
Question 1: The options given for answering this question about the differences between modern Homo sapiens and Neanderthals are not ideal, because research in the last 20 years has shown there are not many cultural or behavioral differences between Neanderthals and us. Neanderthals buried their dead, they had sophisticated tools made of stone, and they obviously hunted to survive. It is more a difference of degree. Scholars now think that perhaps modern Homo Sapiens was just a little more adept at making more refined tools like sewing needles, and using more complex language and symbolic representations like art. But there is recent evidence in Spain that neanderthals created art too.
Question 2: The Hippocratic oath is still an important part of medical practice today as it is the primary ethical code that doctors continue to abide by in their professional practice. Although originally the oath was more of a covenant that doctors had to abide by in Hippocrates' time, today modern doctors see the oath more as a way to signal their commitment to upholding the art of medicine and to carry out their craft in the best interest of their patients well being. In graduation ceremonies, medical students typically recite some variation of the Hippocratic oath.
Question 3: The ancient Romans were known for developing roads and bridges with a precision and level of engineering that was innovative in its day. Using the roads helped the Romans to move armies across long distances and helped to consolidate power as official communications and trade goods could move more quickly. There was a variety of Roman roads including small local roads but also long-distance connectors that ran between major towns and cities. The major roads were often stone-paved and they had drainage ditches. The Romans would survey the course of the road before laying it and even cut through hills and used bridgework over rivers and marshy areas.
Question 4: The qualities listed describe the Byzantine Empire. They were conquered by the Ottomans in 1453 when Constantinople fell. The official language of the empire was Latin but Greek was also widely spoken. The Byzantine Empire was also a force that helped to spread Christianity. The Byzantine authorities actively sought to convert leaders in areas where they were spreading their influence to assure allegiance to the Byzantine Emperor. When Roman Emperor Constantine first moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople. Constantine himself had converted to Christianity in 312 AD.
Question 5: Justinian I, who was the Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565 instituted a code of law that was innovative in its day. The foundation of it was committees of jurists who had the responsibility to review existing laws in order to make sure the legislation was not contradictory or somehow outdated. This created an important notion of how laws should be actively thought through, debated, and updated. It is significant because the Justinian Code was used to base the development of Western law, and it had an influence for centuries. The Napoleonic Code of 1804, for example, was inspired by the Justinian Code and used this as a model to abolish feudal laws.
Question 6: The end of the Byzantine Empire was drawn out and can be attributed to a number of factors. For example, the Byzantine Empire suffered a huge defeat after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. The military was devastated and this left the Byzantine Empire very vulnerable to the Turks and Arab that were gaining influence in the Holy Land and areas around Constantinople and around the Middle East. Alexios I became emperor of the Byzantine Empire in 1081 and soon realized he needed help from the Western Europeans but relations were strained because of the East-West Schism of 1054 when there was a break between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches.
