First, the Market Revolution—the shift from an agricultural economy to one based on wages and the exchange of goods and services—completely changed the northern and western economy between 1820 and 1860. After Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin and perfected manufacturing with interchangeable parts, the North experienced a manufacturing boom that continued well into the next century. Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical mower-reaper also revolutionized grain production in the West. Internal improvements such as the Erie Canal and the Cumberland Road, combined with new modes of transportation such as the steamboat and railroad, allowed goods and crops to flow easily and cheaply between the agricultural West and manufacturing North. The growth of manufacturing also spawned the wage labor system.
Second, American society urbanized drastically during this era. The United States had been a land comprised almost entirely of farmers, but around 1820, millions of people began to move to the cities. They, along with several million Irish and German immigrants, flooded northern cities to find jobs in the new industrial economy. The advent of the wage labor system played a large role in transforming the social fabric because it gave birth to America’s first middle class. Comprised mostly of white-collar workers and skilled laborers, this growing middle class became the driving force behind a variety of reform movements. Among these were movements to reduce consumption of alcohol, eliminate prostitution, improve prisons and insane asylums, improve education, and ban slavery. Religious revivalism, resulting from the Second Great Awakening, also had a large impact on American life in all parts of the country.
Third, the major political struggles during the antebellum period focused on states’ rights. Southern states were dominated by “states’ righters”—those who believed that the individual states should have the final say in matters of interpreting the Constitution. Inspired by the old Democratic-Republicans, John C. Calhoun argued in his “South Carolina Exposition and Protest” essay that the states had the right to nullify laws that they deemed unconstitutional because the states themselves had created the Constitution. Others, such as President Andrew Jackson and Chief Justice John Marshall, believed that the federal government had authority over the states. The debate came to a head in the Nullification Crisis of 1832–1833, which nearly touched off a civil war.
Yes it's true that the 13th Amendment abolished slavery in 1865 at the end of the Civil War.
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A) The Mauryan Empire expanded over nearly the entire region of what is now modern day India. Starting with Chandragupta and ending with his grandson Ashoka, the empire was expanded over a span roughly a hundred years. This was not an easy task because of the size of the land to be conquered. The area that is now known to be modern day India, is a peninsula. The Arabian Sea borders the land on the west, the Indian ocean borders it to the south and the Bay of Bengal borders it to the east. The Himalaya Mountains separated the rest of east Asia, including China, from the Mauryan Empire. The Hindu Kush Mountains to the north west of the Mauryan Empire separated it from the rest of the Middle East. The monsoon cycle effected the Mauryan Empire as well. High rainfall often lead to reoccurring floods and in the winter, especially inland, there was a lack of rainfall and that lead to droughts. Needless to say, it was hard to sustain a surplus of agriculture throughout the year. The location was still beneficial despite this. Trade over sea to east Asia flourished. the size of the subcontinent of India lead to the development of several languages in different and separate regions of the land. This is the reason why the development of the Mauryan Empire was is so important in history. That the empire existed is a testament to the strength of the rulers at the time to unify such a vast region.
B) There isn't much of a difference in geography between the Mauryan and the Gupta empires as the Gupta Empire was the predecessor of the Mauryan. This meant that the Gupta empire inherited the land owned by the Mauryan Empire. One obvious difference between the two empires is that the Gupta Empire was smaller that the Mauryan. The Gupta Empire is located in the northern region of the subcontinent underneath the Himalayan and Hindu Kush mountains. The people of the Gupta Empire where better adapted to the Monsoon cycle by building high houses to accommodate the floods. Because of this they were able to flourish agriculturally, boasting their economy.
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the 3rd one i think please be correct
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huge ranches had developed in Texas. One factor that led to their growth was changes in the railroads. In the 1860s, most rail lines ended north of Texas, so cattle had to be driven to them. In the 1880s, rail lines were extended into the state.
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