Answer: Obviously, Luther was considered to be heretic and was summoned to defend his theses.
Explanation: Luther, "the little monk" from Germany threatened the profitable system of indulgences and the Roman Catholic Church had to respond.
Luther was subsequently called to debate high-ranking Catholic theologians, such as Cardinal Cajetan in Augsburg (1518) and Johann Eck in Leipzig (1519) and surprised everyone with his refusal to change his views.
On the contrary, Luther even expanded his critique of the church in Rome with three major pieces in 1520. In these important documents, Luther publicly questioned the infallibility and authority of the Pope, critiqued central Roman Catholic doctrines, and he defended the priesthood of all believers. Of course, the Pope was not amused. In his papal bull, Exsurge Domine, he declared that Luther was a “wild boar that had invaded the Lord’s vineyard,” and called Luther to recant his views. Not intimidated at the slightest, Luther burned the bull and was subsequently excommunicated.
Mahatma Gandhi is most famous for his successful application of non-violent methods, like civil disobedience. He was a source of inspiration for many world leaders including Martin Luther King Jr.; and in India, he is unofficially known as the Father of the Nation.
Answer: After the unification of the Arab tribes, Islam expanded in all directions. Within a few decades, it occupied an area of land only comparable to the Roman Empire in its heyday. It would soon assume the role of commercial liaison between economically important areas of the world then: in Europe, Africa and Asia. The military progress achieved by the Muslims allowed them to isolate Europe, blocking trade especially through control of the Mediterranean Sea. For many historians, this has accentuated a trend that had existed since the 5th century, focused on agrarian life, and which would lead Europe to feudalism.
The Islam changed because of these encounters, with technology, some traditions and religions were swept away or changed.
It has been a while since I have studied it, but I believe that the Clergy was represented by the First Estate.
The Himalayas mountain range
