The Hanging Gardens civilization with this great architecture achievement was the Babylonian Civilization. Nebuchadnezzar who was the king between 605 and 562 BC was the actual creator of this Marvel of Mankind as it was also called.
The civilization that built the first library in history is attributed to the Sumerians. The Royal Library of Ashurbanipal has been described as the first library in the world. It contains over 30.00 clay tablets and fragments with texts written in the complex cuneiform script which were the characters used in writing by these ancient citizens.
The civilization that took over the Sumerian civilization were the Babilonians around 1792, when they took control of most part of Mesopotamia.
The civilization that perfected the use of iron to make weapons that were used for war around 1300 BC were the Hitties. Iron weapons were superior to bronze, this also marked the end of the bronze age with this culture from ancient Anatolia or Asia Minor.
The civilization that mastered the art of building roads: The very first paved road was built in Egypt around 2500, although this was not used for travel, as it was just built to go from Pharaoh’s home ground to the Great Pyramid site, Roman roads after Egyptian roads are considered the later highways and trade routes.
King Hammurabi was the king of the Babilonian civilization and they were the ones that took control of almost all parts of Mesopotamia and basically ended the Sumerian civilization.
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The 3 differences and similarities between the old and new city-states were:
Difference 1. The Old City States were developed around a proto-socialist economy which was mostly controlled by the government.
The new city States were more developed around personal enterprise where independent people could earn money.
Difference 2: Old city States had a social structure that consisted of a 'Farmer' class which worked in the plantations. In the new city States, this work was conducted by poor people who could earn a living or get food return. The work was not dependent on a 'specific' class of people anymore.
Difference 3: In the Old City States, the status of governing officials was based on wealth and power. In the new City States, the Kings had succession plans and power was inherited from father to son.
Similarity 1: Both city States were far from democracies and power was concentrated in the hands of a very few people.
Similarity 2: Most of the work was done by people who were basically poor. Either as farmers, peasants or slaves.
Similarity 3: Both cities were vulnerable during times of floods, droughts and natural disasters. They were eventually overrun by powerful nomads.
