Explanation:
The year 622 brought a new challenge to Christianity. Near Mecca, Saudi Arabia, a prophet named Muhammad claimed he received a revelation that became a cornerstone of the Islamic faith. The Koran, which Muhammad wrote in Arabic, identified Jesus Christ not as God but as a prophet. <em><u>Islam</u></em> spread throughout the Middle East and into Europe until 732.Soon thereafter, European Christians began the <em><u>Crusades</u></em>, a campaign of violence against Muslims to dominate the <em><u>Holy Lands</u></em>—an area that extended from modern-day Turkey in the north along the Mediterranean coast to the Sinai Peninsula—under Islamic control, partially in response to sustained Muslim control in Europe. The city of Jerusalem is a holy site for Jews, Christians, and Muslims; evidence exists that the three religions lived there in harmony for centuries. But in 1095, European Christians decided not only to reclaim the holy city from Muslim rulers but also to conquer the entire surrounding area.
Simon Bolivar was a revolutionary, born in Venezuela, who liberated 6 countries in northern South America from Spanish forces sent by the then king of Spain, Bolivar traveled to Europe to ask Spain to withdraw its military forces from America, stop repressing the people and taking advantage of their wealth, but they ignored him, then he returned to South America from where he undertook a battle to free the countries, achieving the objetives and winning almost all of the fights.
<span>Gandhi inspired many people to stand up for rights by using his clever method of nonviolent civil disobedience.</span>
Dynastic cycle (traditional Chinese: 朝代循環; simplified Chinese: 朝代循环; pinyin: Cháodài Xúnhuán) is an important political theory in the Chinese history. According to this theory, each dynasty in Chinese history, rises to a political, cultural, and economic peak and then, because of moral corruption, declines, loses the Mandate of Heaven, and falls, only to be replaced by a new dynasty. The cycle then repeats under a surface pattern of repetitive motifs.[1]
It sees a continuity in Chinese history from early times to the present by looking at the succession of empires or dynasties, implying that there is little basic development or change in social or economic structures.[2] John K. Fairbank expressed the doubts of many historians when he wrote that "the concept of the dynastic cycle... has been a major block to the understanding of the fundamental dynamics of Chinese history."[3]
