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Gerrymandering (/ˈdʒɛrimændərɪŋ/,[1][2]) is a practice intended to establish an unfair political advantage for a particular party or group by manipulating district boundaries, which is most commonly used in first-past-the-post electoral systems.
Two principal tactics are used in gerrymandering: "cracking" (i.e. diluting the voting power of the opposing party's supporters across many districts) and "packing" (concentrating the opposing party's voting power in one district to reduce their voting power in other districts).[3] The top-left diagram in the graphic is a form of cracking where the majority party uses its superior numbers to guarantee the minority party never attains a majority in any district.
In addition to its use achieving desired electoral results for a particular party, gerrymandering may be used to help or hinder a particular demographic, such as a political, ethnic, racial, linguistic, religious, or class group, such as in Northern Ireland where boundaries were constructed to guarantee Protestant Unionist majorities.[4] The U.S. federal voting district boundaries that produce a majority of constituents representative of African-American or other racial minorities are known as "majority-minority districts". Gerrymandering can also be used to protect incumbents. Wayne Dawkings describes it as politicians picking their voters instead of voters picking their politicians.[5]
The term gerrymandering is named after Elbridge Gerry (pronounced like "Gary"[2]), who, as Governor of Massachusetts in 1812, signed a bill that created a partisan district in the Boston area that was compared to the shape of a mythological salamander. The term has negative connotations and gerrymandering is almost always considered a corruption of the democratic process
Everybody’s biased. If you can analyze the authors purpose when they were writing something, you’ll be more aware of this bias. As a history student, you need to acknowledge this bias when researching to ensure that what you are reading is factual and presents a reliable picture on what was going on during that period in time. It can provide insight or can be deceiving, based on the author’s purpose.
As all trade networks did, the Indian Ocean trade fostered the exchange of ideas, such as Buddhism to Southeast Asia, and Islam across Eurasia.
A simplified circular flow model<span> illustrates how goods and services are exchanged in free </span>markets<span>. ... More detailed </span>circular flow models<span> sometimes include the </span>role<span> of government, financial institutions, and foreign firms in the conduct of business.
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The Quasi-War is a war not formally declared, fought almost completely by naval forces, between the United States and France between 1798 and 1800. In the United States, the conflict is often called the Franco-American War, The The Kingdom of France had been a powerful ally of the United States during the American Revolutionary War, and signed in 1778 a Treaty of Alliance with the United States. But in 1794, after the French Revolution ended the monarchy in the country, the American government reached an agreement with the United Kingdom, the Jay Treaty, which resolved several points of strife between the United States. UU. and the United Kingdom that emerged after the Revolutionary War. It also contained economic clauses. In the autumn of 1800, after two years of intermittent hostilities between the French naval forces and the United States Navy (indirectly supported by the British Royal Navy), the situation gradually turned towards a more conciliatory situation among the contestants. The pyretic activity of the French warships and privateers had been reduced, and the then First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte was prepared for a diplomatic arrangement between both parties. Such an agreement would take place in the Treaty of Mortefontaine or Convention of 1800, between the United States and France, which ended the conflict. However, the news did not arrive in the US on time. UU. to allow John Adams to exploit political and military success, and win the presidential elections of 1800.
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