The right answer is D, Conflict Theory, This theory is part of the modern sociology and explains when a conflict transcends the individual and reaches a position or social level. Social conflicts are usually due to the scope of power, status or resources that the society they want to neutralize possesses.
I hope my answer can help you.
        
             
        
        
        
Answer:
d. The results of the memory test 
Explanation:
The results of the memory test is the independent variable which depends on the study time. In the study, the study time is the independent variable while the result of the test is the dependent variable. The independent variable relies on changes in the dependent variable.
 
        
             
        
        
        
Answer:
The correct answer would be, It lessens the chance that bias will affect the review process. 
Explanation:
Grant proposal reviewers are people who review the proposal came to them to approve or reject a grant. They select the proposal on the basis of certain ground to approve the grant. If there comes a proposal, which conflicts with their interest, then it is better to get themselves removed from the review process, because if they do so, there are pretty fair chances that they become biased and can reject the grant on the basis of their own views. So if they get themselves separated from the review process, it would lessen the chance that bias will affect the review process.