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3 years ago

What is an enzyme and how does it work?

1 answer:

5 0

All of the work being done in side of a cell is being done by enzymes. A bacterial like E.coli has about 1,000 enzymes floating in the cytoplasm at about any time. The purpose of a enzyme in a cell is to allow the cell to carry out any chemical reactions very quickly. the reactions allow the cell to build or take things apart as needed. This is how the cell grows and reproduces. Hopefully my answer helps a little!

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The table below shows the amount of carbohydrates in same-size servings of different fruits. Amount of Carbohydrates in Fruit 23

marta [7]

Answer:

As per the data provided, the correct answer would be cherries.

The effect of any food in increasing the blood sugar level can be understood with the help of glycemic load. It takes in the account of both the glycemic index as well as serving size.

It states that the glycemic response of our body depends on both "the type of carbohydrate and the amount of carbohydrate" consumed in a meal.

For example, glycemic response of small size high GI food is the same as that of large size low GI food.

It can be calculated as follows:

$\text{glycemic load} = \frac{\text{glycemic index x net carbohydrate}}{100}$

Hence, glycemic load of apple would be = (38 x 17)/100 = 6.4.

Similarly, glycemic load of cherries, oranges, and watermelons would be 4.18, 10, 8.6 respectively.

Hence, cherries are the fruit which has low glycemic load value of 4.18. So, the glycemic response of this fruit would be low. Hence, it will result increase the blood sugar by the least value.

5 0

3 years ago

Read 2 more answers

Understand the terms genome, chromosome, gene, replication fork, Okazaki fragment, genotype, phenotype, codon, anticodon, promot

HACTEHA [7]

Answer:

Molecular biology aims to study the processes that are carried out in living beings from a molecular point of view

Explanation:

-Genoma: A set of genes contained in chromosomes, can be interpreted as the totality of the genetic material that an organism or a species has

-Chromosome: Each of the highly organized structures, formed by DNA and proteins, and contains most of the genetic information of a living being

-Gen: Molecular unit of genetic inheritance, where genetic information is stored and can be transmitted to the offspring

- Replication fork: Joint between two strands of DNA when it is self-replicating. Each of the DNA strands serve as a template for the synthesis of the new DNA

-Okazaki fragment: Short strands of DNA newly synthesized in the discontinuous strand. They are synthesized in the 5 '→ 3' direction from RNA primers that are later eliminated

-Genotype: Genetic information that an organism has, in the form of DNA

-Fenotype: Expression of the genotype according to a specific environment. They include both physical and behavioral traits

-Codon: Three nucleotide sequence of DNA or RNA corresponding to a specific parameter

-Anticodon: Three nucleotide sequence complementary to a sequence of three other nucleotides found in messenger RNA

-Promotor: DNA section that controls the initiation of RNA transcription

-Intrón: Region of the DNA that is part of the primary transcription of RNA and are removed from the mature transcript, before its translation

-Exon: Portion of gene encoding amino acids

-The modified plasmid size from 1 to more than 1000 kilograms of bases

-The size of the bacterial genome ranges from 0.58 megabases to 10 Mb in several species of cyanobacteria, with the exception of Bacillus megaterium, which has a 30 Mb genome

-The size of the eukaryotic genome is very variable, for example, the smallest sequenced is that of Guillardia theta, of only 0.55 Mb, yeast (1.2 Mb) to amoeba (686,000 Mb).

-In the DNA, the purines are adenine (A) and guanine (G). The pyrimidines are thymine (T) and cytosine (C). In the case of RNA, the purines are A and G and the pyrimidines are C and U (uracil)

-Transcription involves the copy of DNA in RNA. This is the process of gene expression, in which genes are converted into proteins. DNA replication is the process of copying DNA into a cell so that there are two equal copies. As a result, two double chain propellers are obtained, two exact copies. Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA molecule into an amino acid sequence during protein synthesis.

-Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds that bind the nitrogen bases, causing other enzymes to copy the DNA sequence. The primase synthesizes small fragments of RNA on the lagging chain in DNA replication, of about 10 nucleotides, called primers. DNA polymerase III performs the replicative process, its function is the synthesis of DNA. It has review activity, 3’-5 ’exonuclease. DNA polymerase I has three activities. It has polymerase activity, synthesis in the 5’-3 ’direction. A 3’5 ’exonuclease activity, erroneous nucleotide removal, and a 5’-3’ exonuclease activity, which from a nick resynthesizes a portion of DNA by removing the existing one. This enzyme does not carry out the replication process. RNA polymerase is capable of using ribonucleotides to synthesize RNA from a DNA sequence that serves as a template. Ligase catalyzes the binding of two molecules from the formation of covalent bonds accompanied by the hydrolysis of ATP

4 0

3 years ago

Please help me! Major grade. Tysm!!

torisob [31]

Answer:

C. Individuals with thicker fur had a survival advantage in the cold, allowing these individuals to reproduce moe often and create more offspring.

Explanation:

Natural selection means the process of changing the adapting the new environment. Based on the given data one can conclude that the individual with thicker fur had a survival advantage in the cold environment.

Why natural selection occurs?

Natural selection takes place due to 3 underlying reasons:

Reproduction

Heredity

Variation in fitness of organisms.

Due to these reasons, natural selection can leads to speciation.

As the individual are living in cold environment, they need to adapt the change in environment. So, individuals with thicker fur had a survival advantage in the cold environment, allowing these individuals to reproduce more often and create more offsprings.

Thus, option C is correct.

8 0

2 years ago

How does complement connect the innate and adaptive immune responses?

andrey2020 [161]

Answer:

Innate immunity: first line of defense against infectious agents; Most pathogens can be controlled before a declared infection occurs.

Adaptive immunity: takes action when innate immunity fails. Make a specific response for each infectious agent and keep memory of it (it can prevent reinfection).

Explanation:

The immune system has evolved to be able to identify the strangers and develop a protective response to the latter (cognitive and destructive processes).

Innate or natural immunity: it is present at birth, being the first line against invasive microorganisms. Its characteristics are: it is present for life, it is not specific, it lacks memory and does not change intensity with exposure. It is useful against pyogenic microorganisms, fungi and multicellular parasites and includes three components: 1) physicochemical: skin, mucous membranes, secretions and cilia, which perform a washing and continuous cleaning, 2) humoral: complement, lectin binding to mannan and opsonins additional as C-reactive protein and proteolytic enzymes and 3) cellular: neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells and natural killer lymphocytes.

Complement: it includes a high number of serum proteins that are produced mainly in the liver, form cascades so that each activated component catalyzes the activation of several molecules of the next component, amplifying the response. The consequences are cell lysis, the production of proinflammatory mediators and the solubilization of antigen-antibody complexes. Activation of the complement system occurs through three different pathways (alternating, classical and mannan-binding lectin) that converge in the final common pathway that provides most of the biological activity.

Cellular mechanisms: Neutrophils participate in the destruction of bacteria and fungi. Upon activation, adhesion molecules facilitate their entry into tissues, moving to chemical attractants and phagocytizing microorganisms. Destruction is mediated by oxygen dependent and independent pathways.

acquired immunity: acquired as part of development, increases with age and with repeated exposures, has specificity and memory for what is called adaptive. Its components are antibodies and cells (lymphocytes) and protects against bacteria (including those that produce intracellular infections), viruses and protozoa. In general, innate and acquired immune responses are not activated independently but complement each other.

Antigen-Antibodies: Antigens are structures that generate an anti-response from the immune system that has 3 elements of union and recognition of these;

1) antibodies that are soluble glycoproteins belonging to the group of immunoglobulins produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells,

2) T-cell receptors that are large glycoproteins that interact with the peptide epitope preserved and presented by the third element

3) which are the major histocompatibility complex (CMH) molecules.

Antibodies perform many functions and have numerous uses as biological and clinical instruments

4 0

3 years ago

9) When the Tectonic Continental Plates collide with each other what occurs?

Dvinal [7]

Answer:

Mountains

Explanation:

This would be a convergent plate boundary, so I think the best answer is mountains. When the plates collide, one goes underneath the other, pushing the one above it upwards. This creates mountains. I think earthquakes might also be an acceptable answer.

7 0

4 years ago