Answer:
1 626 (the top female)
2 660 (second from bottom male)
3 A
4 Need several genes to be specific enough to determine parentage
5 Improves collective fitness
6 Cooperative hunting - take down larger prey
7 Extract DNA and compare to the elephants
8 Grass
9 8750 kilocalories
Explanation:
1. Cub 709 has the genotype A/C at FCA26. Its mother cannot be female 630, as she has B/B at this locus, and therefore could not have contributed either of these alleles. At FCA27 the cub has the genotype S/S, meaning female 687 cannot be the mother, as she only has T/U to pass on (i can't see the number it very clearly, it could be 647? The last female in the table).. Therefore, the mother has to be cub 626 (the top female), who can contribute all the alleles.
2. We know that 628 is its mother. Therefore, we know she contributed A at FCA26, M at FCA45, S at FCA47, and D at FCA45. Therefore, the father must have contributed C, M, S, D across each of the gene. This corresponds to individual 660, who has each of these alleles as part of his genotype that he could have contributed.
3. At FCA26, the cub 709 has the genotype A/C. Its mother has the genotype A/B, which means she must have contributed the A allele, whereas the father contributed the C allele to the genotype.
4. We must use multiple genes to determine parentage because there are a finite number of alleles. Many members of the population have the same genotype at a particular gene, meaning it is not informative of parental relationships. For example, at FCA45, 4/5 males carry an O allele, so without further analysis we could not distinguish between these males.
5. By looking after the offspring that are not their own, lionesses improve the overall success of the pack. Having extra care increases the chances that the cubs will survive to adulthood. This can lead to general improvements in resources needed for survival, such as food sources, environment, and avoiding predators
6. Lions usually hunt at night by stalking their prey. They usually work in teams to bring down prey. This makes up for what they lack in speed, and cooperative hunting allows them to take down larger prey than they would be able to alone. This means there are resources for the pride.
7. Zebras are herbivores, and get their energy from eating grass. This grass can be converted to chemical energy that they use to perform their usual activities.
8. DNA can be extracted from tusks. The DNA can then be genotyped, much like has been done in the above table for the lions. The DNA from the tusk can be compared to the DNA of the slaughtered elephants to see if it matches
9. An otter weighs 35kg, and we know it takes 250 kilocalories/kg per day to maintain the weight of an otter. Therefore, we do 35 x 250 to calculate the total, which is 8750 kilocalories
