It's the revolutionary war also known as "The American Revolution"
The Muslims were weakened enough so they didn't finish taking over the rest of Europe and wiping out its inhabitants. Hope this helped, have a great day! :D
The reason behind why Carnegie believes that a man who dies thus rich, dies disgraced, because he believes that the wealthy individuals should repay their debts to our society and use their wealth for the benefit of the society, not for themselves.