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Delvig [45]
3 years ago
11

Which of the following statements is true?

Social Studies
1 answer:
dalvyx [7]3 years ago
4 0

Answer:

the effects of neurotransmitters released from either sympathetic or parasympathetic postganglionic neurons may be stimulatory or inhibitory

Explanation:

The effects are based on two aspects: when excitation occurs a stimulus makes an increase of chances that neurons will engage in action.

On the contrary, <em>when inhibition is preferred it means that the likelihood that neurons will act together is lessened so neurotransmitters make nerve cells process and transmit information through electrical and chemical stimulus.</em>

An <em>increase of activity is done by the excitation and a decrease or cessation of activity is done when inhibitory neurotransmitters are present.</em>

Simply put, neurons act based on the surrounding chemicals that are present, they are the neurotransmitters.

The exchange of information between neurons is always enabled and regulated by these substances. They help life-essential processes: make the heartbeat, cause lungs to keep breathing and help in stomach digestion.

<u>Of course, when we sleep, are awake and study different levels of neurotransmitters are present.</u>

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Answer:n the European race to colonial dominance, the Treaty of Tordesillas legitimized Spain’s holdings in the New World, indicating Spanish primacy over Portugal.

The successes of Columbus ushered in an era of Spanish conquest that led numerous other European explorers to attempt similar colonization projects.

Spain gained immense wealth from this expansionism, which translated into an influx of Spanish art and cultural capital.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Columbus’s colonization of the Atlantic islands inaugurated an era of aggressive Spanish expansion across the Atlantic. Spanish colonization after Columbus accelerated the rivalry between Spain and Portugal to an unprecedented level. The two powers vied for domination through the acquisition of new lands.

In the 1480s, Pope Sixtus IV had granted Portugal the right to all land south of the Cape Verde islands, leading the Portuguese king to claim that the lands discovered by Columbus belonged to Portugal, not Spain. But in 1493, Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI issued two papal decrees giving legitimacy to Spain’s Atlantic claims over the claims of Portugal. Hoping to salvage Portugal’s holdings, King João II negotiated a treaty with Spain. The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 drew a north-to-south line through South America. Spain gained territory west of the line, while Portugal retained the lands east of the line, including the east coast of Brazil.

Map of the land division determined by the Treaty of Tordesillas. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons

Conquistadores and Spanish colonization

Columbus’s discovery opened a floodgate of Spanish exploration. Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable native peoples, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as conquistadores. Hernán Cortés arrived on Hispaniola in 1504 and participated in the conquest of the Island. Cortés then led the exploration of the Yucatán Peninsula in hopes of attaining glory.

In 1519, Cortés entered Tenochtitlán, the capital of the Aztec/Mexica Empire. He and his men were astonished by the sophisticated gardens and temples in the city, but they were horrified by the practice of human sacrifice. Above all, the Aztec wealth in gold fascinated the Spanish explorers.

Hoping to gain power over the city, Cortés took Moctezuma, the Aztec ruler, hostage. The Spanish then murdered hundreds of high-ranking Mexica during a religious festival, but the people of Tenochtitlán quickly retaliated. Cortés and his people fled for their lives.

Aztec ruler Moctezuma. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons

Following his defeat, Cortés slowly created alliances and recruited tens of thousands of native peoples who resented Aztec rule. Only by playing upon the disunity among the diverse groups in the Aztec Empire were the Spanish able to capture Tenochtitlán. In August 1521, Cortés claimed Tenochtitlán for Spain and renamed it Mexico City. The Spanish also brought smallpox, which took a heavy toll on the people in Tenochtitlán. Illness played a much greater role in the city’s downfall than violence.

Cortés was also aided by a Nahua woman called Malintzin—also known as La Malinche or Doña Marina, her Spanish name—whom the natives of Tabasco gave him as tribute. Malintzin translated for Cortés and, whether willingly or under duress, entered into a physical relationship with him. Their son, Martín, may have been the first mestizo—person of mixed indigenous American and European descent. Malintzin remains a controversial figure in the history of the Atlantic World; some people view her as a traitor because she helped Cortés conquer the Aztecs, while others see her as a victim of European expansion. Regardless, without Malintzin’s help, Cortés would not have been able to dismantle the Aztec Empire.

A drawing depicting Malintzin translating for Cortez and Aztes. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons

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