Explanation:
Progressivism was the reform movement that ran from the late 19th century through the first decades of the 20th century, during which leading intellectuals and social reformers in the United States sought to address the economic, political, and cultural questions that had arisen in the context of the rapid changes brought with the Industrial Revolution and the growth of modern capitalism in America. The Progressives believed that these changes marked the end of the old order and required the creation of a new order appropriate for the new industrial age.
The reason why people take an oath to support the Constitution instead of the country or the President is because the Constitution is the supreme law of the land, have has power even over the present himself. It is not required that every American take this oath--it is a personal choice. <span />
Referendum is the political reform that gave people the power to approve or reject laws.
Your question is rather vague by just giving dates ... but I think I know what you might be looking for here. During the "antebellum" (before the Civil War) years and again in the years after the Civil War, there were strong movements by social activists that went against how society wanted to keep women and African Americans in "their place." Social reformers thought that the place assigned to women or to blacks was not at all right. They put forward better ideas of how black Americans and female citizens should have equal status with whites and with men in regard to political, social, and economic rights.
The activist movements from 1820 to 1848 and again from 1865 to 1898 didn't achieve all their goals in that time period, but they began to advance the causes of civil rights for blacks and women -- both movements which would continue into the 20th century.
The Albany Congress was notable because there was a twofold to try to secure the support and cooperation of the Iroquois in fighting the French, furthermore to make a colonial alliance on a design by Benjamin Franklin.
