1) c. Countries battle using threats, brinkmanship, & detente
2) d. To prevent those in East Berlin from escaping
Explanation:
1)
The Cold War was not a real war in the sense that it was not battled using weapons, and there was no real fights. Instead, it was a war made by threats, brinkmanship, detente...
The term "Cold War" refers to a long period, spanning more or less from 1947 to 1991, characterized by a strong tension between the United States and the Soviet Union.
The Cold War basically started after World War II. After the victory against the Nazi German, the two superpowers (USA and URSS) started a "long-distance" competition in many fields, such as the supremacy in the development of the nuclear arsenal, the space race, development of technology, etc.
The battle between the two superpowers was also a battle between two opposite ideologies: on one side (the USA), the liberal-democratic; on the other side (the URSS), the communism.
The period associated with the Cold War was characterized by moments of escalation of the tension, such as during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, in which the possibility of a real World War III becomes real. Also, the Cold War was characterized by several wars in which the two superpowers did not actually fight each other, but they supported opposited factions figthing in the same country (for instance: Korean War, 1950-1953; Vietnam War, 1960s-1970s).
The Cold War ended in 1990-1991, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the aftermath of the collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989.
2)
The Berlin Wall was a wall built in 1961 to separate East Berlin (controlled by the Soviet Union) from the West Berlin (controlled by the USA).
In fact, after the Allied win in World War II, Germany was split into two parts, assigned to the two main superpowers: the GDR (German Democratic Republic), also called East Germany, controlled by the Soviet Union; and the FRG (Federal Republic of Germany), also called West Germany, controlled by the USA.
The two parts of Germany were characterized by opposite styles of life, politics, ideologies, etc.
The East Germany was a communist country, following the ideology of the Soviet Union. On the other hand, the West Germany was a capitalist country, following the same path of Western countries.
The condition of life in East Germany became bad year after year after the war, so many people started to escape the country to migrate to West Germany. As a result, the authorities of East Germany decided, on 13 August 1961, to build a long wall separating the two parts, to prevent people to migrate on the other side. The Wall separated also Berlin in two parts, therefore it was called Berlin Wall.
The Wall finally collapsed on 9 November, 1989, and that event also marked the collapse of the Soviet Union.
