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Athens led the Delian League. They taxed the members of the league in exchange for protection from the powerful navy of Athens. However, Athens was gaining power, and under ruler Pericles, they used the money given to them by those who they protected and taxed to create the Golden Age of Athens. At that time, Athens was at the height of its power, and they had many beautiful marble temples, statues, and walls in their city. Eventually, the members of the Leauge figured out and began to resent Athens, Sparta created their own league, and the Peloponnesian War began.
During this war, Sparta ended up victorious over Athens, but afterward, the entirety of Greece was weak. Philip II of Macedonia, the father of the later conqueror of Greece, Alexander the Great, came in with his army and took Greece over.
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For almost 30 centuries—from its unification around 3100 B.C. to its conquest by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C.—ancient Egypt was the preeminent civilization in the Mediterranean world. From the great pyramids of the Old Kingdom through the military conquests of the New Kingdom, Egypt’s majesty has long entranced archaeologists and historians and created a vibrant field of study all its own: Egyptology. The main sources of information about ancient Egypt are the many monuments, objects and artifacts that have been recovered from archaeological sites, covered with hieroglyphs that have only recently been deciphered. The picture that emerges is of a culture with few equals in the beauty of its art, the accomplishment of its architecture or the richness of its religious traditions.
Predynastic Period (c. 5000-3100 B.C.)
Few written records or artifacts have been found from the Predynastic Period, which encompassed at least 2,000 years of gradual development of the Egyptian civilization.
Neolithic (late Stone Age) communities in northeastern Africa exchanged hunting for agriculture and made early advances that paved the way for the later development of Egyptian arts and crafts, technology, politics and religion (including a great reverence for the dead and possibly a belief in life after death).
Around 3400 B.C., two separate kingdoms were established near the Fertile Crescent, an area home to some of the world’s oldest civilizations: the Red Land to the north, based in the Nile River Delta and extending along the Nile perhaps to Atfih; and the White Land in the south, stretching from Atfih to Gebel es-Silsila. A southern king, Scorpion, made the first attempts to conquer the northern kingdom around 3200 B.C. A century later, King Menes would subdue the north and unify the country, becoming the first king of the first dynasty.
In the Archaic Period, as in all other periods, most ancient Egyptians were farmers living in small villages, and agriculture (largely wheat and barley) formed the economic base of the Egyptian state. The annual flooding of the great Nile River provided the necessary irrigation and fertilization each year; farmers sowed the wheat after the flooding receded and harvested it before the season of high temperatures and drought returned.
Explanation:
Under his leadership, the Communist Party took power in mainland China in 1949, making it an authoritarian regime, and thus proclaimed the new People's Republic, following the victory in the chinese Revolution against the forces of the Republic of China. The communist victory led to Chiang Kai-shek and his Kuomintang followers fleeing to Taiwan and made Mao the top leader of China until his death in 1976.
