Answer:
B. Early Eukaryotic cells engulfed mitochondria and chloroplasts
Explanation:
Mitochondria and Chloroplast are organelle that are found in cells of higher animals. Chloroplast are found almost exclusively in plants and mitochondria is found in animal cells. The function of these organelles are to produce energy to the cells, and by extension, the organism that they live in.
Unique features of these organelles show that they have their own DNA and divide and multiply on their own. This strongly suggest that they were once free living prokaryotes and were engulfed by larger cells and a symbiotic relationship began.
As time progressed, these prokaryotes did not require all of their genetic information and this was removed from their system. They kept essential genes and regulatory bodies separate that they needed for their maintenance and function that they provide.
It is the area where the two chromatids of a chromosome attach to each other
During an enzymatic reaction, a molecule of substrate binds to the enzyme and is broken down into one or more molecules of product , which are released.
<h3>What is substrate and product ?</h3>
While products can be produced at the end of the reaction, substrates are the reaction's initial raw material. The distinction between a substrate and a product is that a substrate is the substance used to initiate a chemical reaction, whereas a product is the compound formed when the reaction is finished.
<h3>What do you mean by enzymatic reaction ?</h3>
In an enzyme reaction, the free enzyme E binds to its substrate S to form the enzyme-substrate complex (C1), which is then catalyzed into the enzyme-product complex (C2), from which the free enzyme and product P are released: S + E ↔ C1 ↔ C2 → P + E. This is known as the "lock-and-key" model in enzymatic reactions. The great majority of cellular reactions are represented by this paradigm.
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that during an enzymatic reaction, a molecule of substrate binds to the enzyme and is broken down into one or more molecules of product , which are released.
Learn more about the Enzymatic reaction here:
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We would call this scientific research
Answer:
The next generation average time to flowering will be 98 days.
Explanation:
Before answering the question, we need to know a few concepts.
- Artificial selection is the selecting practice of a specific group of organisms in a population -that carry the traits of interest- to be the parents of the following generations.
- Parental individuals carrying phenotypic values of interest are selected from the whole population. These parents interbreed, and a new generation is produced.
- The selection differential, SD, is the difference between the mean value of the trait in the population (X₀) and the mean value of the parents, (Xs). So,
SD = Xs - X₀
- Heritability in the narrow-sense, h², is the genetic component measure to which additive genetic variance contributes. The heritability might be used to determine how the population will respond to the selection done, R.
h² = R/SD
- The response to selection (R) refers to the metric value gained or lost from the cross between the selected parents. R can be calculated by multiplying the heritability h², with the selection differential, SD.
R = h²SD
R also equals the difference between the new generation phenotypic value (X₁) and the original population phenotypic value (X₀),
R = X₀ - X₁
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Now that we know these concepts and how to calculate them, we can solve the proposed problem.
<u>Available data: </u>
- trying to decrease the maturation time in a population of sunflowers.
- the population mean time to flower is 100 days → X₀
- Chosen parental Plants mean flowering time is 90 days → Xs
- the narrow-sense heritability for flowering time is 0.2 → h²
According to what we sow previously, we need to find out the value of X₁, which reflects the next generation average time to flowering.
- We know that R = X₁ - X₀, so we need to clear this formula to calculate X₁
X₁ = R + X₀
We already know that X₀ = 100 days,
Now we need to calculate R.
We know that h² = 0.2,
Now we need to calculate SD
Xs = 90 days → Parentals media flowering time
X₀ = 100 → Population media flowering time
SD = Xs - X₀
SD = 90 - 100
SD = - 10 days
Knowing this, we can calculate R
o h² = 0.2
o SD = - 10
R = 0.2 x (-10)
R = - 2
- Finally, once we know the R-value we can calculate the X₁ value
X₁ = R + X₀
X₁ = - 2 + 100
X₁ = 98
