Began in the early phase of the 20th century in Zurich, Switzerland, Dada was literary and artistic movement. This movement began as a resistance to the First World War and the nationalism, which according to many people, had led to the war. This movement was influenced by some liberal movements such as Cubism, Futurism, Expressionism and Constructivism etc. The consequence of this movement was ferociously diverse, varying from performance art to sculpture, poetry, painting, photography and collage. The artists associated with the Dada movement characterized by its imitation of materialistic and nationalistic perspectives demonstrated a dominant control on artists in many towns such as Berlin, Paris, Hanover, Cologne and New York all of which formed their groups.
After World War II had ended, Japan was devastated. All the large cities (with the exception of Kyoto), the industries and the transportation networks were severely damaged. A severe shortage of food continued for several years.
