Constantinople was able to survive due to its <em>strategic</em> location and <em>sofisticated</em> system of fortifications.
Constantinople was able to survive as the <em>central</em> hub of the European culture throughout the early 1000s due to its strategic location, the city was located in a strait between the Black and Mediterranean Seas, between Europe and Asia, which allowed the city to be prevented from many invaders, from Hunes to Arabs.
In addition, the city counted with a sophisticated system of fortifications which made impossible any attempt of siege until the appearance of first developments on modern artillery in the 15th Century, and the city was well communicated with the most important nations in Eastern and Western Europe by sea (i.e. Italy, Carolingian Empire, Kiev' Rus), of which the city may receive reinforcements in desperate situations.
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Gold, spices, and rich crops.
In 1493, the Spanish rulers asked for papal support for their claims to the New World discovered by Columbus, in order to restrain the Portuguese and other potential rival claimants.
Pope Alexander VI established an imaginary line running north and south through the mid-Atlantic, 100 leagues (480 km) from the Cape Verde islands. Spain would have possession of any unclaimed territories to the west of the line and Portugal would have possession of any unclaimed territory to the east of the line.
Spanish and Portuguese ambassadors reaffirmed the papal division, but the line itself was moved to 370 leagues (1,185 miles) west of the Cape Verde Islands, or about 46°30′ W of Greenwich.
