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Like other Muslims, the Shi´ites believe in the unity of God (Allah is the only God) and His divine guidance through God´s Messenger , the Prophet Muhammad. But they maintain that for the moral and spiritual leadership of the ummah (community of believers), Allah instructed the Prophet to appoint Imam Ali, a figure of authority (actually he was Muhammad´s cousin and son-in-law), to succeed him as leader of all Muslims. This tenet is not accepted by Sunni Muslims, the majority in Islam. Shi´ia is predominant in Iran and Iraq.
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The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 brought into the United States about 828,000 square miles of territory from France, thereby doubling the size of the young republic. What was known at the time as the Louisiana Territory stretched from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west and from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to the Canadian border in the north. Part or all of 15 states were eventually created from the land deal, which is considered one of the most important achievements of Thomas Jefferson’s presidency.
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In a speech to Congress in 1823, President James Monroe warned European powers not to attempt further colonization or otherwise interfere in the Western Hemisphere, stating that the United States would view any such interference as a potentially hostile act. Later known as the Monroe Doctrine, this policy principle would become a cornerstone of U.S. diplomacy for generations.
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The Homestead Act was enacted by the U.S. government to settle the open West (for the North, because this went down during the Civil War). It also had the side benefit of reducing population in over-crowded eastern cities by enticing people to hit the trails and head out west.
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You didn't add the link or question
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isolation
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China was one of the first civilizations in the world. This civilization, unlike the others, was actually very isolated from the rest of the ancient civilizations. The main reason for the isolation were the natural barriers. Between China and the other civilizations were standing the largest mountain range in the world, the Himalayas, and several large deserts. This discouraged people both from China and from the other civilizations from moving through this areas and see what's on the other side. This resulted in developing a very unique culture in China that was not influenced by any other culture. Also, this civilization was developing totally independently, and it actually managed to surpass the other civilizations in many aspects, while they were not even aware of its existence, or just knew that it existed but had no real idea about it. China only opened up properly to the world after it was invaded and ruled by the Mongols.
