The asthenosphere lies 80-200km below the surface under the lithosphere. Convection also occurs in the asthenosphere. The asthenosphere is mostly made of up rock material (magnesium and iron silicates). The asthenosphere makes up 6% of the mantle and lets the lithosphere move.
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Answer and explanation:
One of the unordered forms of the dying cell is necrosis.
Necrosis is caused by lesions that impede internal balance control: water and some ions, especially sodium and calcium, normally pumped out, flow freely into the swelling and rupturing cell. The necrosis rupture releases into the surrounding tissue cellular content, rich in proteases, enzymes that "cut" other proteins, and other toxic substances. In addition to direct toxicity to neighboring cells, the stroke generates substances that attract immune cells, causing an intense inflammatory reaction: some types of white blood cells, especially neutrophils and macrophages, converge to necrosis tissue and ingest dead cells. Inflammation, typical of necrosis, is important for limiting infections and removing cell debris, but white blood cell activity and secretions can also damage neighboring, sometimes devastating, normal tissues.
Answer:
Researchers estimate global economic losses from fossil fuel air pollution at $2.9 trillion each year, or approximately 3.3 percent of global GDP.
Explanation:
The Earth’s lithosphere, which includes the crust and upper mantle, is made up of a series of pieces, or tectonic plates, that move slowly over time.
A divergent boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other. Along these boundaries, earthquakes are common and magma (molten rock) rises from the Earth’s mantle to the surface, solidifying to create new oceanic crust.
When two plates come together, it is known as a convergent boundary. The impact of the colliding plates can cause the edges of one or both plates to buckle up into a mountain ranges or one of the plates may bend down into a deep seafloor trench. A chain of volcanoes often forms parallel to convergent plate boundaries and powerful earthquakes are common along these boundaries.
At convergent plate boundaries, oceanic crust is often forced down into the mantle where it begins to melt. Magma rises into and through the other plate, solidifying into granite, the rock that makes up the continents. Thus, at convergent boundaries, continental crust is created and oceanic crust is destroyed.
Two plates sliding past each other forms a transform plate boundary. Natural or human-made structures that cross a transform boundary are offset—split into pieces and carried in opposite directions. Rocks that line the boundary are pulverized as the plates grind along, creating a linear fault valley or undersea canyon. Earthquakes are common along these faults. In contrast to convergent and divergent boundaries, crust is cracked and broken at transform margins, but is not created or destroyed.
