The last one. During the crusades, different foods and such were found, different goods were unlocked to europe, and different mathematic and scientific ideas were brought back as well.
Based on my information, I believe that the higher authorities that would choose the prime ministers would actually be the "house of commons". Going back a few years, many of the "house of commons" actually did not have the responsibility in order to do this, but then, the government figured that it would be better if they were to handle on this responsibility.
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The city was able to maintain decent amounts of food and water, and therefore was an important pit stop for trade caravans traveling along the Red Sea. This was especially important given the merchant culture of Arabia. Along with the port of Jidda, Medina and Mecca thrived through years of pilgrimage.
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la migracion de trabajadores la separacion de los miembros de la familia las largas horas de trabajo y el hacinamiento que resulta de la industrializacion pueden conducir a tensiones sociales y enfermedades debido a la mala nutricion y el estres