Animals are often individually consistent in their behavior, not only over time, but also across different functional contexts. Recent research has focused on phenotypic and evolutionary mechanisms explaining such personality differences through selection. Parasitism and predation induce important mortality and fitness costs, and are thus main candidates to create and maintain personality differences in the wild. Here, we present data on the behavioral consistency of the Eurasian minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) from two populations that live in different tributaries of the same river, but whose ecological environment differs fundamentally with regard to predation and parasitism. We experimentally demonstrate that individual minnow in both study populations are consistent in their boldness and activity. However, the two study populations differ notably: in the high predation and parasitism risk population fish show higher mean boldness, but tend to be less active than fish in low predation and parasitism risk population. Parasite (Diplostomum phoxini) load was negatively, but not statistically significantly, associated with fish activity level. Our study suggests that parasitism and predation are likely important agents in the ecology and evolution of animal personalities.
<span>The name of the
pathogenic worm that lives in the muscles of some of the animals, such as the
pigs is a type of pathogenic worm that is classified as a parasitic round worm that
is called Trichinella or Trichina. </span>
Answer:
yes
Explanation:
the food chain is a HUGE part of the eco-system because it is based off of plant animals and even the sun which is what makes up most of our earth
An opinion is a view or judgement formed about something that doesn't have to be based on fact or knowledge.<span> It is a completely subjective</span> statement (based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions). It reflects the speaker's personal views and thoughts.<span>
An observation is the process or action of observing something or someone carefull in order to gain information. </span>It is generally an objective comment (<span>not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts)</span><span>; the person making it does not wish to express a personal opinion on the subject but merely makes an observation regarding it.
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