Hamilton meant that judges should be free from polotics so that they can interpret the law and cases in their own perspective, without judgement and/or pressure from anyone else.
A massive topic for this could be oil. You could talk about OPEC and the different types of technologies involved
By today's standards this period in the US wasn't very democratic, since minorities and women and poor people could not vote. It became less equal because of wealth disparities.
Because France wanted Germany to have a harsher punishment. they didn't want to be restricted as well. even though in my opinion it wasn't complacently their fault. it started by Serbian atavist who killed the arch- duke Ferdinand. <span />