The cytoplasm is a fluid substance that fills every living cell which is enclosed by the cell membrane. This substance is mainly composed of water and proteins.
The functions that take place within the eukaryotic cytoplasm are diverse:
- Location for most metabolic pathways. Except for the metabolic pahtways in cell nucleus and cytoplasmatic organelles, all metabolic functions (e.g., synthesis of biomolecules, growth, etc) occur in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contain enzymes (i.e., proteins) to carry out different chemical reactions.
- Location for organelles that house many of the metabolic pathways for the cell. For example, the synthesis of ATP (the energy coin of the cells) is carried out in the mitochondria, which are organelles found in the cytoplasm.
- Location for the cytoskeleton that gives integrity to the cell. The cytoplasm contains all of the three types of filaments of the cytoskeleton (i.e., microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments) which provides structural support to the cells.
On the other hand, in plant cells, the cell wall is located outside the cell membrane.
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The answer is moss.
Mosses are nonvascular seedless plants. <span>Nonvascular plants have simple tissues specialized for internal water transport.</span>
On the other side, vascular plants have vascular tissue which consists of xylem and phloem. Xylem transport water and minerals from the root to the upper parts of the plant. Phloem transports food and nutrients from the leaves, where they are produced, to the growing or storage parts of the plants.
Bc you should know i guess
<span>Metamorphic rocks form by existing rocks join together under high heat and pressure. Examples of metamorphic rocks are marble, schist, slate, and quartzite. Metamorphic rocks formed when the minerals are chemically changed due to heat and pressure. They are often seen near magma but they do not melt like igneous rock.</span>
The question is incomplete. The complete question is:
Question: Why do organisms without oxygen need to convert pyruvate to lactate?
A) because pyruvate is toxic to the cells
B) in order to regenerate NAD+
C) in order to use lactate in the citric acid cycle
D) because lactate is needed to produce ATP
Answer:
B) in order to regenerate NAD+
Explanation:
Kreb's cycle and electron transport chain (ETC) are the aerobic stages of cellular respiration. ETC regenerates NAD+ and FAD+ by oxidation of NADH and FADH2 produced during glycolysis and Kreb's cycle. Here, oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor.
Glycolytic reactions use NAD+ as an electron acceptor and produce NADH. Therefore, a constant supply of NAD+ is required to sustain glycolysis. In absence of oxygen, ETC cannot occur and organisms convert pyruvate into lactate. Pyruvate is reduced in lactate and NADH serves as the electron donor. Thereby, lactate fermentation regenerates NAD+ to continue the process of glycolysis.
