Ahy trained historians of Japan in the Western world was too small to
sustain such an enterprise. Although that number has grown, the
general editors have thought it best to draw on Japanese specialists for
contributions in areas where they retain a clear authority. In such
cases the act of translation itself involves a form of editorial cooperation
that requires the skills of a trained historian whose name deserves
acknowledgment.
The concept of separation between religion and state wasn't valued in Ancient Egypt. Therefore, the two were heavily interconnected.
One of the traditions of the religion of the Ancient Egyptians was that the Pharaoh was the living embodiment of the god Horus, who was believed to be a god of birthright, among other things. After the Pharaoh's death, he/she was identified with the god of the Underworld, Osiris. Thus, the living ruler was divine, and his word was the word of the gods.
To answer your first question, social darwinism is a theory that supports the rich getting richer. Republican party is based around this theory. Since they believe that those who are the fittest get the money, there is no reason to help the poor, because that is their fault. We can also attach to this the theory of mercantilism where everyone get what they truly deserve. On the other hand, social gospel movement is a christian movement that wanted to help the poor based on christian values. This movement applied christian ethics to social problems such as poverty, delinquency, racism, child labor and so on.
