The Enlightenment was an extension of many of the ideas of the renaissance and reformation.
The first element of this is religious. The reformation and the rise of Protestantism broke the stranglehold of the Roman Catholic Church on Europe. Protestantism was inherently anticlerical, arguing for the importance of scripture and personal faith in salvation was exclusively mediated by church ritual and hierarchy.
States and rights was a very large factor contributing to the Civil War. With Lincoln becoming president and representing the North, the Southern states seceded, leading to a war. The state governments of the South argued, since the constitution and federal government was created by the states, the federal government had no right to stop from seceding. President Lincoln and other northerners disagreed and wanted to preserve the Union.
Answer:
The second option
Explanation:
They had to deal with an ethnically and racially diverse population
