No. "Children in the dark make mistakes" does not have the same meaning as "Mistakes in the dark make children." The first implies that without sufficient light, children would make mistakes, while the second implies that if you make mistakes in the dark, you'll have children.
The opposite of this sentence: "Children in the dark make mistakes", should be "Mistakes are made when Children are in a dark area".
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encouraging readers in the end to look at their world in a more quantitative way
