The correct answer is substance-related
Explanation: Substance-related disorders involve drugs that directly activate the brain's reward system. Activation of the reward system usually causes feelings of pleasure; The specific pleasure sensations evoked vary widely, depending on the drug. These drugs are divided into 10 different classes that have different but not completely different pharmacological mechanisms.
Answer:
Fixation
a n a l
Explanation:
Sigmund Freud was the founder of the psychoanalytic school of therapy which focuses on the unconscious which dictates most of our behavior and also focuses on the events from our childhood and how these events affect our adult behavior.
One of the main concepts of this theory is the concept of fixation, this term refers to the phenomenon that occurs when one person gets "stuck" in a stage of development because there was either a lack of attention during this period or too much attention.
On the other hand, according to the psychosexual stages proposed by Sigmund Freud, the a n a l stage takes place from 18 months of age to three years of age and it's during this period where "potty training" starts. When this training gets too rigid, it can cause an a n a l fixation.
In this example, Jordyn will be 2 in a few weeks and her mother has a strict toilet training procedures in which Jordyn is immediately punished when she has an "accident". We can see that <u>Jordyn is in the a n a l stage of development (because of her age) and her potty training is too rigid</u>, therefore, she might end up having a fixation at the a n a l stage of psychosexual development.
A conditioned response (if you are learning about Pavlov's theory)
