1.
Caroline has been ill for so long because she is in physical pain.
The third one. A person uses another's lack of knowledge as proof his argument is correct.
This may be helpful:
https://literarydevices.net/fallacy/
A pardoner is a church official
John F. Kennedy says in his inaugural speech: <u> We observe today not a victory of celebration but a celebration of freedom.</u> This is an antithesis. Kennedy promises that they will not be ruled by tyranny, which always hopes to find them strong by supporting their own freedom.
False both can convince someone, but they are different appeals
