Using the gas pedal analogy, the proto-oncogene would be an accelerator since they promote cell division and
deregulate apoptosis, while tumor suppressor would
be the brakes since they constrain the progress of the cell
cycle and induce cell apoptosis. An
oncogene is, therefore, when the accelerator
is stuck in down position and the brakes are not working.
<span>Populations of a short type of sunflower are identified as a new species under the conditions that </span>they are unable to breed with the sunflowers of the original population.
Great question!
Before genetic engineering, people who needed insulin to survive (diabetics) had to obtain their insulin from pancreases of pigs! When pigs were slaughtered, they removed the pancreas to take out the insulin. Expensive, time consuming - and for jews, not kosher!
Genetic engineering changed all this - they have cloned the gene for human insulin into a plasmid which they then express in the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli). The E. coli makes A LOT of insulin this way - it's made in a stainless steel fermentor (think of how they brew beer) - and it is easily purified. So, now there is human insulin (not pig - so kosher!) and is made fast and cheap!!! No need to slaughter an animal for this anymore!
Answer:
Photosynthetic bacteria.
Explanation:
Cyanobacteria also called Photophyta are photosynthetic bacteria even some are nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Cyanobacteria have internal membranes. These are flattened sacs called thylakoids where photosynthesis is performed.
