Question

Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. After the comparison, describe the entire process of DNA replication. You must include all of the steps. (Ex. Transcription-Translation-and-Replication)
98 points and will give brainliest

Answer 1

Answer:

The steps of DNA replication always begin by separating a twisted strand into two untwisted molecular strands. It happens in the specific area of a chromosome known as the “origins". The origins contain a series of codes that attract the helicase, a protein that aids in the separation of the strands. Once the helicase locates the origins, it sends out signals inside the cell for other replication initiator proteins to help out in the separation. DNA strands are being separated by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotide base pairs, such as those of adenine (A) and thymine (T), and guanine (G) and cytosine (C).  

Step 2: Replication Fork Formation

Splitting the original double helix into two strands visually presents a Y-shaped formation known as the replication fork. Each prong appears as an elongated line that requires an identical half to match in order to form a new pair of strands. One of the separated strands is called the leading strand, which is constantly utilized for DNA synthesis while the lagging strand is responsible for the complimentary strand’s synthesis.  

Step 3: Binding of Bases to Each Strand

Both leading strand and lagging strand already has base patterns from the start and it serves as the template for the corresponding strands. For each strand, the bases match with the free floating nucleotides present inside the cell following the nucleotide base pairing rules to establish the hydrogen bonding between a separated strand and a new matching strand. It is made possible by the DNA polymerase, an enzyme that functions like a sewing machine in matching and zipping both strands together.  

The replication process does not result to a brand new chain of DNA. It is always a mixture of both the original strand that is conserved as a partner all throughout the continuous steps of DNA replication process and the recently made strand. This process is recognized as the semiconservative replication.  

Step 4: The Termination of the Replication Process

The termination process occurs as soon as the DNA polymerase enzyme arrived at the edge of the strands where no more possible replication could occur. But before the process is completed, it goes through the process of repair to correct errors such as mismatching of nucleotides. After this step, the DNA replication is completed.

Explanation:

In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. This process occurs in all living organisms and is the basis for biological inheritance.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule implicated in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the three major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life

Answer 2

Answer:

The DNA molecule can be tens of millions of base pairs long. So for example this might be a section of a much longer molecule, so the much longer strand of DNA, and even there I'm probably not giving justice to it. But this might just be this very, very small section, let me do this in a different color, this little section right over here, zoomed in. So once again it might be part of a molecule that has not seven or eight base pairs, but might have 70 million base pairs. So just like that. So let's understand what a molecular basis of heredity would need to do. Well first of all it would need to be replicable. Or we would need to be able to replicate it. As a cell divides, the two new cells would want to have the same genetic material. So how does DNA replicate? And this process is called replication. And we covered this in the introduction video as well, but it's nice to see the different processes next to each other. And replication, you can imagine taking either splitting these two sides of the ladder, and actually let's do that. So let me copy and paste, so if I take that side right over there, so let me copy and then paste it. And then there we go, a little bit of it is dropping below the video but I think that serves the purpose. And then let's copy and paste the other side. So let me select that. And then I copy and then I paste, and it's just like that. And so you can imagine if you were to split these, these things you could call them two sides of the ladder, that either side could be used to construct the other side. And then you would have two strands, two identical strands of the DNA. And so let's see what that actually looks like. So let me get my pen tool out now, let me deselect this, get the pen tool out. It's a new tool I'm using, so let me make sure I'm doing it right. Alright, so from this side, from this left side, or at least what we are looking at as the left side, you can then construct another right side based on this information. A always pairs with T if we're talking about DNA. So adenine pairs with thymine just like that. Thymine pairs with adenine Let me do that a little bit neater. Thymine pairs with adenine, guanine pairs with cytosine, cytosine pairs with guanine, falling a little bit down here. And just like that I was able to construct a new right hand side using that left hand side. So maybe I'll do the new sugar phosphate backbone in yellow. And we can do the same thing here using the original right hand side. So using the original right hand side, once again the T is paired with the A, let me do that in adenine's color. So we have an adenine and thymine, adenine and thymine, adenine and thymine. Thymine pairs with adenine, so thymine, adenine. Thymine, adenine. Guanine pairs with cytosine. And then cytosine pairs with guanine. So cytosine just like that. And so you can take half of each of this ladder, and then you can use it to construct the other half, and what you've essentially done is you've replicated the actual DNA. And this is actually a kind of conceptual level of how replication is done before a cell divides and replicates, and the entire cell duplicates itself. So that's replication. So the next thing you're probably thinking about, "Okay, well it's nice to be able to replicate yourself "but that's kind of useless if that information can't be "used to define the organism in some way "to express what's actually happening." And so let's think about how the genes in this DNA molecule are actually expressed. So I'll write this as "expression". And actually that warrants a little bit of a detour because you hear sometimes the words DNA and chromosome and gene used somewhat interchangeably, and they are clearly related, but it's worth knowing what is what. So when you're talking about DNA you're talking literally about this molecule here that has this sugar phosphate base and it has the sequence of base pairs, it's got this double helix structure, and so this whole thing this could be a DNA molecule. Now when you have a DNA molecule and it's packaged together with other molecules and proteins and kind of given a broader structure, then you're talking about a chromosome.

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/v/rna-transcription-and-translation

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